Session 1: Introduction to Communication

The word communication came from Latin word commūnicāre, meaning to share. Communication is the sharing of information between two or more individuals or within a group to reach a common understanding.

Your ability to communicate clearly and share thoughts, feelings, and ideas will help in all your relationship.

Importance of communication

1. Inform
2. Influence
3. Express feelings

• Inform

You may be required to give facts or information to someone. For example, communicating the timetable of an exam to a friend.




• Influence

You may be required to influence or change someone in an indirect but usually important way. For example, negotiating with a shopkeeper to reduce the price or helping a friend to overcome stress due to exam or any other reason.




• Express feelings

Talking about your feelings is a healthy way to express them. For example, sharing your excitement about doing well in your exams or sharing your feelings with your parents and friends.

Elements of Communication

Communication is a two-way exchange of information, i.e., giving and receiving Speaking and writing to someone are examples of giving information. Reading and listening to someone are examples of receiving information.

Perspectives in communication

Perspectives are ideas, views, or fixed ways of thinking. These sometimes affect our communication. For example, if you have a fixed idea that your teacher or father is strict, even when they are being friendly, you may think they are scolding you even though they are polite. In the same way, others may also have fixed ideas about you, which affect whatever you say to them.

Factors affecting perspectives in Communication

• Language
• Visual perception
• Past experience
• Prejudice
• Feelings
• Environment
• Personal factors
• Culture

7Cs of Effective Communication

• Clear :
  Be clear about what you want to say.
• Concise :
  Use simple words and say only what is needed.
• Concrete :
  Use exact word and phrase.
• Correct :
  Use correct spellings, language and grammar.
• Coherent :
  Your words should make sense.
• Complete :
  Your message should have all the needed information.
• Courteous :
  Be respectful friendly and honest.

Types of Communication

• Verbal communication
• Non-verbal communication
• visual communication

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Session 2: Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the sharing of information by using words. It is what most people use as a method of communication.

Types of verbal communication:

• Oral or spoken communication:
• Written communication:

Advantages of verbal communication:

• Quick response
• Verbal communication is easy and quick.
• You keep changing your communication as per the other persons reply

Disadvantages of verbal communication:

• The most common disadvantage of verbal communication is the cultural differences between the sender and receiver of the information.


• These differences may be due to the use of different languages, inability to understand the colloquial phrases used by the other individual, and the accent.

Public Speaking:

Speaking in front of a large group makes most people nervous. You can use the 3Ps (Prepare, Practice, Perform) method to get over your fears, and become a confident and effective speaker.

3Ps of Public Speaking

1. Prepare
   • Think about your topic.
   • Think about what your listeners need to know about the topic.
   • Think about the best way to make your listeners understand your topic.
   • Write what you plan to say.


2. Practice
   • Practice by yourself first, talk in front of a mirror.
   • Talk in front of your family and friends and ask them what they think.
   • Speak clearly, loudly and at the right speed (not very fast nor very slow).


3. Perform
   • Take a few deep breaths if you are feeling nervous.
   • Think about what you have prepared and start speaking confidently.

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Session 3: Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is the message we send to others without using any words. We send signals and messages to others, through expressions, gestures and body postures.

Importance of Non-verbal communication

In our day-to-day communication, it is observed that most of the communication is done using body movements (face, arms, movements, etc.) and voice control (voice, tone, pauses, etc.).

Types of Non-Verbal communication:

• Facial expression
• Posture
• Gesture of Body language
• Touch
• Space
• Eye contact
• Paralanguage

Visual communication

Another important method of communication is visual communication, which involves sending and understanding messages only through images or pictures. The main advantage of this type of communication is that you do not need to know any particular language for understanding it. It is simple, easy to understand and remains same across different places.

Examples of Visual Communication :

• Traffic symbol which communicates not to blow horn
• Sign for ladies and gents toilet
• Sign for flammable substances
• Sign used to pause a video or audio file in smartphone or computer
• Traffic Lights—Red for Stop; Yellow for Wait and Green for Go
• Sign showing railway crossing
• Sign for slippery surface
• Sign which communicates that the area is a no smoking zone

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Session 4: Writing Skills: Parts of Speech

When we talk or write in English, we use sentences to express ourselves. Sentences are important because if you do not clearly write sentences then, the meaning of the same cannot be understood clearly.

Parts of Speech

• Using capitals

  We know that all sentences begin with capital letters. Do you know at what other points in a sentence we should use capital letters? It is easy to know what to capitalise if you remember the word ‘MINTS’. MINTS is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly. Each letter in the word MINTS refers to one capitalisation rule.

• Punctuation

  It is a set of marks, such as the full stop and the comma, which help us separate parts of a sentence and explain its meaning. Like uppercase letters, punctuation is also a very important part of sentences and has some rules.

  
  

Punctuation Marks

• Comma ( , )
• Question mark ( ? )
• Exclamation mark ( ! )
• Full stop ( • )
• Apostrophe ( ' )

Basic parts of speech

There are eight basic parts of speech in the English language. These are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence.

Parts of speech

• Noun

  Nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing or idea. These are ‘naming words.’

• Pronoun

  A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun

• Adjectives

  Adjectives are words that describe other words

• Verbs

  Verbs are words that show action

• adverbs

  Adverbs are words that add meaning to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They answer the questions—How? How often? When? And Where?

Supporting Parts of Speech

• Articles

  The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are known as articles. Articles are generally used before nouns. An is used before words with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) sound A is used before nouns with a consonant (all other alphabets) sound The is used to refer to specific or particular words

• Conjunctions

  Conjunctions are words that join two nouns, phrases or sentences. Some common conjunctions are ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’.

• Prepositions

  Prepositions connect one word with another to show the relation between them. They usually answer the questions ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’.

• Interjections

  These words express strong emotions, such as happiness, surprise, anger or pain. They have an exclamation mark at the end.

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Session 5: Writing Skills: Sentences

Parts of a sentence

As you have learnt in English classes, almost all English sentences have a subject and a verb. Some also have an object.

• subject

  A subject is the person or thing that does an action.

• verb

  A verb describes the action.

• Object

  Object is the person or thing that receives the action. For example, read a loud the simple sentence “Divya reads a book”.

Types of objects

• direct object

  A direct object answers the question ‘what?’

• indirect object

  An indirect object answers questions, such as ‘to whom’ and ‘for whom’.

Types of sentences

• Active

  Sentences where the subject does an action are known to be in the Active voice.

• passive sentences

  Sentences in which the subject receives an action are known to be in the Passive voice.

Types of sentences (according to their purpose)

• Statement or Declarative Sentence

  This is the most common type of sentence. It provides information or states a fact. It always ends with a ‘full-stop’ (‘.’).

• Question or Interrogative Sentence

  This type of sentence asks a question. It always ends with a question mark (‘?’).

• Emotion/Reaction or Exclamatory Sentenc

  An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong emotion, such as joy, sadness, fear or wonder. It always ends with an exclamation mark (‘!’).

• Order or Imperative Sentence

  These sentences show an order, command, request, or advice. It can end with a full stop or an exclamation mark (‘.’ or ‘!’).

Paragraph

You have learnt about sentences. A group of sentences forms a paragraph. While writing a paragraph, make sure the sentences have a common idea. When you want to write about a different idea, make a new paragraph. For example, if you are writing about your school, the first paragraph can be of sentences about the name, location, size and other such details.

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Session 6: Pronunciation Basics

If we do not say (or pronounce) words correctly, others cannot understand what we are saying this lesson you will learn about the common ‘sounds’ used while speaking English. You will learn and practice how to say common words correctly. Pronunciation is the way you say a word, just as spelling is how you write a word.

Speaking correctly

Sometimes words, which have similar spellings are pronounced differently. Sometimes words, which have different spellings may be pronounced in the same way. The best way to learn correct pronunciation of words is to listen carefully.

Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of the sounds that we make when we speak.

Types of sounds

• Vowels

  The English alphabet has five vowels (a, e, i, o and u) but 12 vowel sounds. This means most vowels can be pronounced in different ways. We make a vowel sound when we read a vowel in a word.

• Diphthongs (combination sound of two vowels)

  We make a diphthong sound when we combine two vowels. Diphthongs start as one vowel sound and go to another.

• Consonants

  A consonant sound is any sound that is neither a vowel nor a diphthong sound.

  
  

Examples of Different Sound

Vowel Sounds

long ‘ee’ sound
Sleep स्लीप
Keep कीप

Combination vowel (diphthong’) sounds

‘oa’ sound
Boat बोट
Loan लोन

Consonant sounds

‘p प’ sound
Pen पेन
Stop स्टोप

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Session 7: Greetings and Introductions

We use certain words called ‘greetings’ before we start talking to friends, people familiar to us, or people whom we are meeting for the first time. Also we use certain sentences to tell about ourselves or others, to people who do not know us. This is called an Introduction.

Greetings

There are many ways to greet a person. The greeting and reply to a greeting at work is different from the greeting and reply given to a friend . Similarly, there are many ways to say goodbye when you depart. The greetings change depending upon who we are talking to and even according to the time of the day.

Types of greetings

• Formal greetings

  Formal greetings are used if you do not know the person. It is used to greet senior, elderly people or people with whom we have formal relations like teachers or customers. This is used more often in schools, colleges and offices.

• Informal greetings

  Informal greetings are used when you talk to friends, family or a known person.

Introducing yourself and others

When you are meeting someone for the first time, or if others want to know about you, you need to ‘Introduce’ yourself. You can do this by telling your name and some general information like about your hometown, your job or subjects as a student, your interests, etc.

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Session 8: Talking about Self

You may need to talk about yourself on many occasions especially when you meet new people. You may also need to fill forms with information about yourself.

Talking about yourself

When you meet someone for the first time, they may want to know more about you. You will need to ‘introduce’ yourself by telling them about yourself You usually start by telling your name. Then you can talk about other things, such as what you do, your age, where you live, or even about the things or activities that you like or dislike.

Filling a form

Sometimes, instead of talking, you will have to write about yourself in a form. A form is a typed or printed page with blank spaces for information. Each form is different, so you should read it properly before filling. Write neatly taking care to use the correct spellings.

Some fields a form

• Name

  Here you enter your name. Sometimes you may need to write the first, middle (if any) and surname.

• Date of birth (DOB)

  This is the date on which you were born. It is usually written as the day, followed by the month, followed by the year in numerals.

• Address

  This is the postal address which includes your house number and the details of the street, area and the city.

• PIN code

  This is a group of numbers used by the post office to identify a region. It is an important part of an address.

• Signature (or Sign)

  This is your name or initials written by hand, in a specific way (which is difficult for anyone else to copy).

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Session 9: Asking Questions I

Are you sometimes scared of asking too many questions. What happens if you do not ask questions at the right time? Why do we need to ask questions? In this session you will learn about the importance of asking questions and how to get information by asking the correct questions.

Need for asking questions

A question is a request for information. It could be any type of information, such as an answer to a question in the textbook, information about a person or a place or about how to do a task.

Asking questions helps us to

• gain new knowledge, get information,
• make sure that what we know is correct
• avoid doubts, confusion, misunderstanding, and
• start talking to people by asking about them and their ideas.

How to make sure we have complete information?

If you do not have information about how to reach a place, you will not be able to reach it. If you do not know how to do some work, you will not be able to complete it, unless you ask questions and get information. Asking all the correct questions at the right time is also important.

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Session 10: Asking Questions II

A question is a sentence, phrase, or word that either asks for information or is used to test someone’s knowledge. We always use a question mark (?) at the end of a question. In our day-to-day interactions with others, we often have to ask and answer questions to get information.

Types of questions

• close-ended question

Questions that can be answered with a “yes” or a “no” are called close ended question.

• open-ended questions

Sometimes, when we ask a question, we expect an answer with more details. For example in Figure 1.23 when we ask “What do you like to watch on TV?”, the answer could be “I like to watch movies on TV.” These are called openended questions.

Framing close-ended questions

In some cases, we exchange the positions of the subject and the verb to create a close-ended question. We can follow a similar method for sentences that already have auxiliary verbs.

Framing open-ended questions: Using question words

Some questions are called open-ended because their answers are not limited or closed. They have to be answered with more information than just a “yes” or a “no”. We can form open-ended questions by using question words, such as What, Why, Who, How, When and Where.

Session 1: Introduction to Self-management

Self-management involves understanding yourself, understanding what your interests and abilities are, having a positive attitude and grooming yourself in order to develop self-confidence

Self-management can also help in:

• developing good habits
• hy my namre is chandan
• overcoming bad habits
• reaching your goals
• overcoming challenges and difficultiesBeing able to manage yourself helps youto avoid stress and provides opportunities toget involved in fun activities.

Self-management skills include the following:

• Self-awareness

  Knowing yourself as an individual – your values, likes, dislikes, strengths and weaknesses

• Self-confidence

  Believing in yourself that you can do any task that is given to you and not scared of taking risks

• Self-motivation

  Doing tasks on your own without any external motivation

• Positive thinking

  Expressing certainty or affirmation even in tough situations

• Self-control

  Ability to control your behaviour, discipline, etc.

• Problem solving

  Understanding a problem and finding a solution using step-by-step method

• Personal hygiene and grooming

  Keeping oneself clean, healthy and smart

• Team work

  Working together with people to accomplish shared goals.

• Time management

  Achieving tasks on time and according the plan

• Goal setting

  Planning concrete goals to be accomplished within a set timeframe.

Session 2: Strength and Weakness Analysis

Knowing what you do well or not so well, will help you in converting your weaknesses into strengths and strengths into an exceptional performance. The strength and weakness analysis helps you in this process. Strength and weakness analysis begins with knowing yourself first.

Knowing yourself

It means understanding who you are, what you like, what you do not like, what are your beliefs, what are your opinions, what is your background, what you do well and what you do not do well? It is important to know who you are, because only then can you measure your strengths and weaknesses

Strength and weakness analysis

Being ‘self-aware’ or understanding ‘Who am I?’ means looking outside our usual characteristics, such as our name, qualifications, and the relationship we have with others. It actually means knowing our inner strengths, hidden talents, skills and even weaknesses.

• Strengths

  Strengths are what we do well and are good at. Everyone has some strengths.

• Weaknesses

  Weaknesses, also known as 'areas of improvement' are what we do not do well and are not good at. Everyone has some weaknesses too.

Identifying strengths

• Take time off to think about what you do well
• Think of anything that you are always good at
• Think about what others appreciate about you

Identifying weaknesses

• Point out the areas where you struggle and what you find difficult to do
• Look at the feedback you receive from others
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling small about it. Look at it as an area of improvement

Difference between interests and abilities

• Interests

  Interests are the things that we enjoy doing. Interests may include: Activities you like to do at school and in your free time that make you happy. Activities you are curious about or would do even if no one asked you to do it. Activities you want to learn or would like to do in the future.

• Ability

  Ability, on the other hand, is an acquired or natural capacity that enables an individual to perform a particular job or task with considerable proficiency. Sometimes interests may not match abilities. In those cases, you can either improve your abilities or follow some other path.

Session 3: Self-confidence

Self-confidence is a sense of trusting own’s abilities and self. If you are an intelligent, hardworking and talented person, but lack confidence, and avoid taking initiative, then it may be difficult for others to recognise your talent.

Qualities of self-confident people

1. Self-belief
2. Hard Work
3. Positive Attitude
4. Commitment

• Self-belief

  Thomas Edison made thousands of prototypes of the incandescent light bulb, before he could finally invent the bulb. Inspite of struggling with repeated failures, his resilience and belief in self gave the world one of the most amazing product, i.e., bulb.

• Hard Work

  Dipa Karmakar, despite having a flat foot at the age of six worked hard to become the first Indian female gymnast ever to compete in the Olympics.

• Positive Attitude

  Positive attitude is nothing but focusing on the positives even in the time of adversity. For example, the situation of losing a game can be perceived as losing something or as an opportunity to review the game strategies and improve to win in the future.

• Commitment

  Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of Indian Independence Movement, was highly committed to the cause of making India free from the British Raj. He employed non-violent civil disobedience to get India independence.

Building self-confidence

The three steps to building self-confidence are as follows:

• Appreciate acievement & accept fallures
• Have a goal and take steps toward it
• Always look at the good side and be happy

Given below are some factors that decrease selfconfidence.

• When we think we cannot do a particular work.
• When we keep thinking of our past mistakes and feel bad about it, instead of learning from them.
• When we expect to be successful at the first attempt itself and do not try again.
• When we are surrounded by people who have a negative attitude, which is reflected in their speech.

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Session 4: Postive Thinking

A positive attitude to life can help us succeed like ants. Similarly, if an individual has a positive attitude towards life and its challenges, he/she can overcome them and grow positively in life and work.

Positive thinking and its importance

A person’s attitude can be considered either ‘positive’ or ‘negative’. Positive thinking requires a person to look at the good in things, observe, understand and patiently work towards improving them rather than worrying and/or looking for the bad in things.

Positive thinking leads to good results for you like

• overcoming challenges,
• making you do well or making you an energetic individual,
• helping you get better at work, and
• making you and people around you happy.

How to keep your thinking positive?

There are few simple steps to cultivate a positive attitude in life. Let us understand this with the help of the abbreviation ‘SMILE’.

• Start your day in apositive way
• Manage time to relax
• Imagine the best in any situation
• Learn to take feesback in a positive way
• Express gratitude

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Session 5: Personal Hygiene

It is the habit or practice of keeping ourselves clean. Cleanliness helps us to maintain our health and well-being. Being healthy allows you to be regular at school, college or work.

Personal hygiene is important because, it helps us

• stay healthy.
• create a good image of ourselves.
• avoid feeling ashamed in public due to our bad breadth, body odour, etc.

Three steps to personal hygiene

CARE

• Keep your hair free of dandruff
• Rub oil/cream to take care of your skin
• Brush your teeth daily
• Change your toothbrush as soon as it deshapes
• Cut your nails every week



WASH

• Wash your hands frequently
• Take bath every day
• Wash your clothes regularly
• Wash your hair at least every second day
• Wash your feet often



AVOID

• Blow your nose/cough into a handkerchief to avoid spreading germs
• Keep your feet dry and change your socks every day

Essential steps of hand washing

• Wet hands with water
• Apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces
• Rub hands palm to palm
• Right palm over left dorsum and vice versa
• Palm to palm with fingers interlaced
• Back of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked
• Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa
• Rub inner surface of palms
• Rub inner surface using the thumb
• Rinse hands thoroughly with water
• Use towel to dry
• Your hands are now clean.

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Session 6: Grooming

Grooming and its Importance

Dressing is the action of putting on clothes. Grooming is the process of making yourself look neat, tidy and smart. The way you dress, and groom can either send the message that you are confident, smart and sincere or possess opposite qualities.

Dressing and grooming are important because they help us

• look smart
• feel confident about ourselves
• make a good impression of ourselves

Guidelines for dressing and grooming

CLOTHES

• Clothes should be clean, neat, and ironed
• Shoes should be clean and polished
• Change socks everyday and always wear clean socks
• Keep accessories like belts, jewellery, etc., simple
• In certain jobs display of bodily tatoos and piercing is not accepted



HAIR

• Hair should be washed regularly to keep clean
• Simple hair styles and well combed hair gives a smart look



FACE

• Face looks clean if you shave regularly
• Moustache should be neatly trimmed
• Teeth should be kept clean, without any stains
• Brush the teeth twice a day to maintain dental hygiene
• Avoid eating Paan or chewing betle.

Session 1: Introduction to ICT

Information can be recorded or stored in many ways. It can be hand-written on paper, typed using a typewriter or a computer and so on. When information is stored and recorded on electronic devices, it takes on a ‘digital’ form. ICT devices are tablet, smartphones and laptops’

The basic ICT skills that you need are

• knowing how to operate computers; and
• knowing how to browse the Internet for collecting, storing and disseminating information.

ICT at Workplace

ICT has become part of our workplace in all sectors of economy, right from carrying out money transactions through the online banking system to development of textbooks or research papers in educational institutions.

ICT at Home

These days most of the people uses television for entertainment and phones for calling up other people. New devices, such as smartphones with an Internet connection are now being used to stay connected with family and friends on a regular basis through social media networks, such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. We use computers and mobile phones for talking to each other, sending and receiving information, watching videos and news, listening to music and playing games.

Session 2: ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets — I

Smartphones and tablets are becoming more and more important as most people carry them around and use them in daily activities like sending e-mails and messages, sharing pictures, etc. Without these, most people cannot work with others. The spreading of an idea, or of news occurring somewhere in the world is now possible through social sites on the internet.

Smartphones

Mobile phones are ICT tools for talking to people but smartphones are more advanced. With a simple mobile phone you can only make phone calls and receive calls. With a smartphone you can make calls and do things that you normally do using a computer, such as browsing the web, sending e-mails, making video calls, playing games, listening to music, watching movies and much more.

Tablets

A tablet is a mini computer with input, output and processing functions that are all combined into one ‘touchscreen’, where you can do various tasks just by touching its screen. It is bigger than a smartphone and you can perform all the functions that one can perform on a computer or a smartphone.

TV and Radio

TV and radio are being used as an ICT tool since a long time. Radio is used to broadcast audio while TV is used to broadcast audio-visual information to many people. Radio and TV are used for both entertainment and to learn new things.

Applications or apps

Playing games, using camera, etc. Apps are software programs (a set of instructions, or a set of modules or procedures, that allow for a certain type of computer operation) that perform different functions. Some of the apps are already present on the phone or tablet. These are called “default” apps. Besides, there are hundreds of other apps that can be purchased and downloaded or downloaded free of cost from online stores. There are several online stores, including Google Play Store for Android and Apple App Store for Apple

Commonly found applications

Some of the default apps installed on all smartphones/ mobiles

• Phone
• Calender
• Camera
• Mail
• Photos
• MAPS
• web Browser
• Google Play store
• Clock
• Messages
• Music
• Apple Store

Difference between a smartphone and a tablet

	smartphone	tablet
main usage	As a phone but with some additional features, such as camera. The majority of smartphones run on Apple iOS or Google Android but others use Windows Phone or BlackBerry OS.	As a wireless portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface which makes it more useful than the notebook computer. Some tablets use Android OS, others useApple iOS or Windows OS.
Screen size	Screen size is smaller	Has a bigger screen
photos and videos	Watching a movie or making changes to a picture is difficult	Watching videos and making changes to a photo is better and easier due to bigger screen size
battery life	You need to charge phones more often	Usually have a longer battery life
storage	Comes with different storage capacities, but phones with high storage are costly	Usually have higher storage capacity, i.e., they can store more pics, videos and Apps

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Session 3: ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets — II

To operate your smartphone, you need to know about basic controls and functions and their uses.

Mobile Device Layout

Some of the basic controls you see on mobile device are as follows:

• Power button
• Screen
• Back button
• Microphone
• Menu button:
• Home button:
• Earpiece
• Volume button

Basic features of a mobile device

Some of the basic features present in all mobile devices

• Bluetooth
• Chargeable Battery
• Wi-Fi
• Touch Screen
• Camera
• Clock
• Cellular network connectivity
• Global Positioning System

Home screen of a mobile device

The home screen is the first (start) screen of a mobile device

Basic gestures used

Gestures are used to interact with the touchscreen of your mobile device. For example, instead of clicking a mouse to open an App, you tap on the touchscreen.

Some of these gestures are as follows:

• Tap
• Tap and hold
• Drag
• Swipe
• Double tap
• Pinch

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Session 4: Parts of a Computer and Peripherals

Parts of a computer

A computer system is a programmable machine designed to store and retrieve information and perform arithmetic and logical operations to produce meaningful results in desired format

Input devices

An input device is used to enter information into the computer. A keyboard, is an input device used to enter letters, numbers and control functions.

Output devices

Output devices bring information from the computer to the user. If you want to calculate the percentage marks, you input all your marks using a keyboard, the computer calculates using the formula and you see the results on a monitor screen.

Common Peripheral Devices

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Microphone
• Projector
• Monitor:
• Speakers
• Scanner
• Printer

Other peripheral devices and their functions

In large retail stores, a peripheral device commonly found is the barcode reader or barcode scanner. It is used for recording the items purchased in order to create the receipt/bill. In offices and homes, we use a peripheral device known as scanner,

Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of the computer is like our brain. the CPU also processes information received from the keyboard and gives the output to the monitor or the printer. Just as our brain can understand arithmetic and logical information, the CPU can also solve mathematical and logical problems.

There are 3 main parts of the CPU

• Control unit

It receives inputs from user and controls different parts to do the operations required.

• Processing unit

: It performs all the mathematical and logical calculations.

• Memory unit

where data is stored temporarily (RAM) as well as for a long time (ROM).

Understanding RAM and ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM) is like the kitchen counter to a computer that is switched on, and Read Only Memory (ROM) is like the storage shelf. Flash memory is usually an external device which is a mix of both RAM and ROM.

Types of Memory Storage Devices

RAM

• When you are doing tasks on your computer, you use RAM
• Temporarily stores information
• Information is lost when computer is switched off
• Information can be changed easily.

ROM

• Permanently stores information
• Information is stored when computer is off
• Information cannot be changed easily
• It is mainly used when starting the computer.

Flash Memory

• Can permanently store information
• Information is not lost when computer is switched off
• Information can be changed on easily. It is mainly used in removable storage devices (like USB), and its usage is based on user’s needs.

Motherboard

Motherboard, also referred to as a system board, is the main circuit board inside a computer. It connects input, processing and output devices. Some other important parts of a computer system are storage devices, ports and connections.

Storage devices

In order to transfer files from one computer to another one, you need smaller storage devices which you can carry easily from one place to another. These storage devices are used to store digital information.

Ports and connections

The slots or channels into which we connect the mouse/keyboard/external hard disk wires are called ports. Thus, ports help us connect input, output and storage devices in a computer system.

There are several types of ports

• Universal serial bus or the USB port
• Display port
• Audio ports
• Ethernet port
• Power port

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Session 5: Basic Computer Operations

Computer hardware and software

A computer system consists of two main parts—the hardware and the software. The physical parts that we can see and touch are called the hardware. It is the machinery of a computer. The software that we cannot see makes the hardware work the way we want.

Starting a computer

when a computer is switched on, it performs some basic processes/ functions, before it is ready to take instructions from the user

To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the Windows operating system and display the Windows desktop on the monitor.

Basic functions performed when a computer starts

A computer automatically runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as it is switched on or the power button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the Operating System.

Login and logout

When multiple people use the same computer, each person has his/her own files and applications. To make sure nobody else sees your work, you have login-IDs and passwords. A login and password is like a key to the lock which allows you to use the computer.

Shutting down a computer

When you click Shut down, the Operating System will close all the applications and turn off the computer.

Using the keyboard

keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers and commands into the computer

Function keys

Keys labelled from F1 to F12 are function keys. You use them to perform specific functions. Their functions differ from program to program.

Control keys

Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK, and TAB, are special control keys that perform special functions depending on when and where they are used.

Enter key

You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the beginning of a new line. In some programs, it is used to send commands and to confirm a task on a computer.

Punctuation keys

It includes keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:), semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”).

Navigation keys

Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are navigation keys. These are used to move up and down, right and left in a document.

Command keys

Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the right of the cursor. The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE key are used to remove typed text, characters, and other objects on the right and left side of the cursor, respectively.

Windows key

Pressing this key opens the Start menu.

Using a mouse

A mouse is a small device that you can use to move, select, and open items on your computer screen.

Roll over/hover

Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an item. When you bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file

Point and click

As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer moves correspondingly on your screen. The mouse allows you to select an item on the screen. When you click a particular file, it gets selected

Drag and drop

When you drag a file in File Explorer, you can pick it up from the present location and drop it in a new location where you release the mouse

Double-click

It means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When we double-click the file icon, it will open the file.

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Session 6: Performing Basic File Operations

Need to perform basic file operations

Information on a computer is stored in electronic files, which can be put into separate folders. It is easier to manage the electronic files as they can be simply copied, moved, renamed or even deleted.

Files and folders

All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different types of information. Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the file type. A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.

Creating a file (using a text editor in Ubuntu)

When a student, Neha, joins a class, the teacher creates a file on the computer to store Neha’s information, such as name, address, phone number, etc.

Let us create a new file using a text editor in Ubuntu.

• To open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search dialog box. Then double-click the text editor option. This will open a blank document. In Windows, you can open Notepad and type in the text.
• Here you can add text, such as ‘Neha Tiwari, Shakti Nagar, New Delhi. M: 7856453451’
• To save the file click Save. In the Save As dialog box, browse to the Desktop folder, type the name as ‘Neha’ and click Save

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Session 7: Communication and Networking — Basics of Internet

The Internet is a huge network of computers around the world. Using the Internet you can get any information that is stored in a web page on the World Wide Web. You can do all this by connecting your computer to the Internet.

Uses of the Internet

• Search information
• Entertainment
• E-mail and chatting
• Social networking
• Shopping
• Online booking
• Online learning
• Online banking

Connecting to the Internet

To connect to the Internet, you need

• A device, such as a computer, laptop or mobile
• A connection device, i.e., a modem.

Types of connections

Wired connections

When our computer is connected to the Internet using a wire, it is called a wired connection

Wireless connection

You can also connect your computer to the Internet using wireless technology

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a certain amount of time

Internet browser

An Internet Browser is an application or a software program on your computer or laptop which helps you visit the various websites.

Searching for information

the steps below to search for information on the Internet.

• Open an Internet browser Type the topic, on which you want information, in the search box and hit the Enter key
• The search results having the required information will be displayed.
• In Ubuntu, click Firefox icon to open Firefox Mozilla browser and search for information.

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Session 8: Communication and Networking— Internet Browsing

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) or simply the Web is a huge collection of information It is a vast network of linked hypertext files, stored on computers throughout the world, that can provide a computer user with information on a huge variety of subjects.

It is made up of

• A web page
• A web browser
• A system to transfer information between the web browser and the web pages

Web page

A web page is a document present on a computer that is connected to the Internet. There are hundreds of web pages. Each web page has a unique address/location like the address of a house

Web browser

A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for using and sharing information on the World Wide Web.

Hyperlinks

there are hyperlinks (highlighted and underlined words) present on web pages. If you click a hyperlink, it will take you to another part on the same page or to a different page.

Important parts of a web browser

• Address bar (Alt+d): You can type the address/URL of a web page in this box and press Enter. The browser will display the page linked to that URL.
• Tabbed browsing (Ctrl+T): Tabbed browsing allows a user to view multiple pages in the same window
• Back and forward buttons (Alt+Left or right arrow keys): These buttons allow you to go back to the last page viewed, or go forward to the next page viewed.
• You can reload the page by clicking the Refresh button.
• Steps to browse a web page: Open a web browser, such as Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

To search for information, follow the given steps

• Type http://google.co.in in the address bar
• Type ‘best hill station in India’ in the Google search bar
• Press Enter
• Scroll the screen and click on the link for the page you want to see.

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Session 9: Communication and Networking— Introduction to e-Mail

Electronic mail or e-mail is a quick way of sending messages to people using the Internet. Electronic mail is a message sent over the Internet from one person to another.

How does the e-mail work?

Files containing videos, documents, spreadsheets, etc., can be sent along with the e-mail as attachments. E-mail is fast and easy to use and it can be sent to multiple people at the same time.

Comparing Postal mail vs. e-mail

	Postal Mail	e-mail
Address	Postal mail address is a street, city, etc., of a geographical location	an e-mail address is a digital location on a mail computer where you can send or receive an electronic message.
Written on	Postal mail is written with paper and pen.	An e-mail is written on a computer or mobile device.
Sent via	Postal mail is sent by bus, air, train	tan e-mail travels in a digital format over an Internet connection.
Received in	Postal mail is brought by the postman and dropped into the letterbox outside our house.	E-mail comes into the Inbox of the receiver’s e-mail account.

E-mail ID or Address

The general format of an e-mail address is local_part@domain.

• An e-mail address is made up of two parts separated by the @ symbol. The part before the @ symbol is created by the user and is usually the name of the person This is different for every user. One might need to add numbers or any other prefix or suffix in case someone else has already taken that mail address before him. One person can only have a specific e-mail address.
• The part after the ‘@’ symbol is the domain name of e-mail service provider the company that provides the e-mail service. Here gmail.com is the domain name of Google

Advantages of e-mail

E-mails can be sent to multiple users along with the attachments. They are fast as they reach anyone around the world immediately, free as most services do not charge money and it is environment friendly, as no paper is used.

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Session 10: CommunicationandNetworking—Creating an e-Mail Account

Creating an e-mail account

To set up an e-mail account, there are a number of popular providers to consider

• Gmail (run by Google)
• Outlook mail (run by Microsoft)
• Yahoo mail (run by Yahoo)

Steps to open an e-mail account on Gmail

• Go to www.gmail.com and click “Create an account”.
• The sign up form will appear. You will need to fill your name, username, password and other details in a signup form.
• Fill in other details as your phone number, country, etc. Review the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, click the check box, and then click Next step.
• Google welcome page will appear. Click on the ‘Continue to Gmail’. This will display your Gmail account page.

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Session 11: Communication and Networking—Writing an e-Mail

Gmail is a free e-mail application. Let us learn how to use it.

• To write a new e-mail, connect to the Internet and open Gmail.
• Type ‘gmail.com’ in the address bar of Internet Explorer.
• To start using Gmail, you need to sign in. Type your e-mail ID and password in the given areas and click on the Sign in button
• Click on the COMPOSE button on the Gmail home page.
  

  This will open a New Message window. Let us understand this with an example. Mohan Padra wants to send Diwali greetings to his sister, his wife and daughter. He wants do this by writing an e-mail using the Gmail account he just created. In the To: section he types the e-mail ID of his sister, i.e., mohini@gmail.com

• In the Cc: section he types the e-mail IDs of his wife, sagasika@gmail.com and her daughter shalloo@gmail.com. In this way he is able to send the same message to all three at once instead of writing it three times.
• In the Subject: section, he writes ‘Happy Diwali’ which is the main topic of the e-mail message.
• He starts the main body of the message with a greeting “Hello everyone”. This can change depending on whom you are writing the mail to. Then he writes the complete message. He ends the e-mail message with “best wishes” and his name (Mohan).
• When he click the Send button, the e-mail will reach the recipients

Follow the given steps to write an e-mail

• In the To section, write the e-mail-id of the person you are sending the mail to.
• In the Cc section, write the e-mail-ids of all the people to whom you want to send copies of the message.
• In the Subject, write the topic of the mail.
• In the main body, type the message you want to send. This will include the salutation in the beginning, main message in the middle and signature at the end.
• After you type the message, click Send.

Attaching a file to an e-mail

An attachment is a type of file such as a photo or document that you can send along with your e-mail.

To add an attachment you need to click on the Attach button.

• The Attach button often has a paperclip as its symbol
• When you click on the Attach button it opens up a new window
• here window shows you files and folders on your computer
• Find and then click on the file you want to attach and press OK
• The file will now show as an attachment in your e-mail
• The name of the file will be shown next to a paper clip symbol

Managing Folders

There are different folders that could help you manage and organise your e-mails.

• The Inbox holds e-mails that people have sent to you
• The Sent folder holds e-mails that you have sent to people
• The Drafts folder holds all the e-mail you have started writing, but not yet sent
• The Junk/Spam folder holds e-mails that may not be useful
• The Trash can or folder holds e-mails that you no longer need and have deleted. To delete an e-mail, you select an e-mail and then click on the Delete button for it to be moved from inbox to trash folder

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Session 12:   Communication and Networking — Receiving and Replying to e-mails

Receiving an e-mail

The e-mail will appear in your Inbox. It shows the name of the sender, subject and a title of the main message. It will remain bold till you open it.

• Click on the mail to open it.
• Once you have read the e-mail, you can reply, forward or delete the mail.
• If the invitation was sent to many people, you get another option, i.e., Reply to All. When you click this, the reply will be sent to all the people who received a copy of this mail.

Replying to an e-mail

• Click on the Reply option at the bottom. This will open a space where you can write your reply. The e-mail address of the person to whom this e-mail will be sent is already present at the top.
• Type your reply and click Send.

Forwarding an e-mail

• When you click on “Forward”, a space is displayed with the old message copied to it.
• You can give the e-mail address of the person(s) you want to forward to and write anything extra you want to add.
• Then click on the “Send” button.

Deleting an e-mail

You can delete the mail by clicking on the delete icon. This will remove the e-mail from your inbox and move it to the “Trash” folder. It will remain there for a few days before it is removed from the system.

Session 1: What is Entrepreneurship?

The process of developing a business plan, launching and running a business using innovation to meet customer needs and to make a profit is entrepreneurship.

Enterprise

An enterprise is a project or undertaking that is bold and fulfills a need of the society which no one has ever addressed.

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Session 2: Role of Entrepreneurship

Countries which encourage entrepreneurship have grown fast. It is, therefore, important to broadly define the role and benefits of entrepreneurship.

Economic Development—Money in Circulation

As entrepreneurs create value by making available better and cheaper products and services for customers, the economy grows. As entrepreneurs grow their business, investors put money into their businesses and expect good returns.

Social Development—Creation of Jobs

A business started by an entrepreneur is usually a very small business in the beginning. If it becomes successful and grows, the entrepreneur expands the business. As the business grows, it needs more work to be done and so creates more jobs.

Improved Standard of Living— More things available to live a comfortable life

When entrepreneurs sell products like a tractor, a mobile phone or a mobile service, it helps people live a more comfortable life.

Optimal Use of Resources

Entrepreneurs keep working to find the most optimal ways of using the resources to reduce costs and increase their profits.

More Benefits at Lower Prices Products and Services at Competitive Prices

entrepreneurs compete in the market, prices of products come down. For example, a phone which used to cost at least Rs. 20,000 when phones were first launched can now be bought even for Rs 4,000.

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Session 3: Qualities of a Successful Entrepreneur

Patience

Entrepreneurship is not a one-day job. Success may not be achieved quickly and therefore, it is important for an entrepreneur to be patient in running the business.

Positivity

An entrepreneur has to think positively even when he/she takes a big risk. There may be losses at times but even then an entrepreneur should stay positive and continue to work hard towards their goal.

Hardworking, Never Giving Up and Perseverance

Every new business goes through failures and therefore, an entrepreneur needs to work hard till it becomes successful. It is necessary for an entrepreneur to continuously work hard towards his/her own and company’s goals.

Confidence

An entrepreneur needs to be very confident and take decisions about their business. An entrepreneur needs to communicate confidently with the customers.

Open to Trial and Error

Entrepreneur needs to be open to new ideas and try them without fear of failure. She/he will have to use trial and error and experiment with different ideas till the business becomes successful.

Creativity and Innovation

An entrepreneur should be able to see a problem from different perspectives and come up with original and creative solutions. They should also be able to recognise an opportunity in a problem and find an innovative solution.

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Session 4: Distinguishing Characteristics of Entrepreneurship and Wage Employment

entrepreneurship means organising, developing and managing a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make profit. Entrepreneur takes risks to make a profit

• Profit

  The profit earned is the excess earning after deducting all expenses.

• Risk

  A situation where the result is not known and could lead to a loss.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

• Ability to take up risks
• Believe in hard work and discipline
• Adpatable and flexible to achieve the goals of enhancing quality and customer satisfaction
• Knowledge of the product and services and their need or demand in the market
• Financial literacy and money management skills
• Effective planning and execution.

Wage Employment

In case of wage employment, there are always two parties. One is known as the employer and the other is the employee. The wage employment does not involve too much risk but entrepreneurship involves taking certain amount of calculated risks.

Benefits of entrepreneurship

• Do what you are interested in
• Work for yourself, and not for others
• Make profits for yourself
• More risk, more profit

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Session 5: Types of Business Activities

Types of business activities

• Product business
• Service business
• Hybrid business

Product business

A business where a seller and buyer exchange an item, which can be seen and touched, is called a productbased business.

Service business

A business where a seller helps the buyer to finish some work.

Hybrid business

A hybrid is the one where the business is doing both selling product and selling services.

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Session 6: Product, Service and Hybrid Businesses

Types of product-based business

• Manufacturing businesses
• Trade businesses

Manufacturing businesses

These are the businesses that make a product and sell it. Products are usually made in factories.

Trade businesses

These businesses buy and sell a product. They also transport the product from the factory to warehouses and then finally to shops near the customers.

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Session 7: Entrepreneurship Development Process

Entrepreneurship development is the process of improving the skills and knowledge of entrepreneurs.

Steps of starting a business

• Idea

  The first step is to come up with a business idea

• Getting money and material

  Once you have the idea, you can start on a small scale with some money which will help you in buying basic material.

• Understanding customer needs

  Once you start selling, you will find out what your customer likes and wants. You will also find out what your customer does not like during this stage.

• Improving Product service

  You can use this knowledge of what your customer likes and does not like to improve your product.

Session 1: Green Skills

People live together in villages, cities, states and countries,thus forming a ‘Society’. Society interacts with the environment, and changes it at the same time. The interaction of the society with the environment sometimes affects the ecological balance in the environment.

Natural resources

Ever since the earth was inhabited, humans and other life forms have depended on things that exist freely in nature to survive. These things include water, land, soils, rocks, forests, animals, fossil fuels and minerals. They are called natural resources as they are the basis of life on earth.

• Land Resources

  It is a finite resource which is subject to agricultural and non-agricultural uses, such as infrastructure development.

• Forest Resources

  A forest is a natural, selfsustaining community characterised by vertical structure created by presence of trees.

• Water Resources

  Water is a vital resource in agriculture, industrial, household and recreational and environmental activities.

• Mineral Resources

  A mineral deposit is a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material, in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and amount that its extraction and its conversion into useful materials or items are profitable now or may be so in the future. Mineral resources are non-renewable and include metals

• Food Resources

  Resources that are used as food, or provide food for organisms are called food resources.

• Energy Resources

  An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity.

Types of Natural Resources

Inexhaustible Resources

• Inexhaustible Resources

  The resources which cannot be exhausted by human consumption are called inexhaustible resources.

• Exhaustible Resources

  There are some resources, which are available in limited quantities and are going to be exhausted as a result of continuous use.

• Renewable Resources

  Renewable resources are those that are constantly available or can be reasonably replaced or recovered, like vegetative lands

• Non-renewable Resources

  Non-renewable resources are those that cannot easily be replaced once they are destroyed

Activities damaging our earth and environment are:

• Overexploitation

  This results when harvesting of resources exceeds their reproduction or replenishment.

• Mining

  Mines are dug below the earth’s surface to get ores. The ores are then refined to extract the valuable elements, such as metals, gems, minerals

• Deforestation

  It is the clearance of a forest or stand of trees where the land is converted to a nonforest use, such as agriculture and construction of houses.

• Pollution

  Pollution is caused by pollutants, which may be solid, liquid or gaseous in nature. Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings.

Types of Pollutants

• Pollutants that can decompose

  Pollutants that break down into simpler, harmless substances naturally (by the action of moisture and bacteria) are called biodegradable pollutants

• Pollutants that cannot decompose

  Pollutants which cannot be broken down into simpler and harmless substances are called non-biodegradable pollutants. The harmful effect caused by these pollutants will be there for hundreds of years.

other factors responsible for polluting the environment

• Exhaust fumes released from vehicle pollutes the air.
• Excessive use of chemicals in agriculture affect the alkailinity of the soil or the soil pH.
• Plastic waste like bottles, bags, etc., thrown on land and sea pollutes the water and destroys the flora and fauna.
• Dangerous gases released into the air.

Types of Pollution

• Land Pollution

  Damage to the land because of harmful substances is known as land pollution.

• Water Pollution

  Adding harmful substances and disease causing bacteria and other microorganisms to rivers, lakes, and oceans results in water pollution.

• Air Pollution

  Adding harmful substances and disease causing bacteria and other microorganisms to rivers, lakes, and oceans results in water pollution.

Climate change

the earth is becoming hotter because of burning fossil fuels. These gases trap and prevent the earth’s heat from escaping, leading to a global warming. This is called the “greenhouse effect”.

Harmful radiation

The atmosphere protects us from harmful radiation from the sun. This is done by a layer all around the earth, in the atmosphere, called the ‘Ozone Layer’. It is made of a gas called ‘Ozone’. This

Natural disasters

Our actions in exploiting natural resources for building structures, such as large dams and buidlings sometimes aggravates the impact of natural calamities and disasters.

Saving the environment

• Learning about the environment
• Learning through the environment
• Learning for the environment

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R)

Reduce

There are three Rs which you can apply for saving the environment – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. It is a concept of the modern waste management.

Reuse

Reuse the materials for other purposes

Recycle

Recycling is reusing some components of the waste that may have some economic value.

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Session 2: Conserving Natural Resources

Conservation is the proper management of a natural resource to prevent its exploitation, destruction or degradation. Conservation is the sum total of activities, which can derive benefits from natural resources but at the same time prevent excessive use, which may lead to destruction or degradation.

Soil conservation

Soil conservation means checking soil erosion and improving soil fertility by adopting various methods.

Water conservation

Conservation and management of water are essential for the survival of mankind, plants and animals.

Energy conservation

Resources are limited, we need to conserve them as much as possible. Conservation of resources or energy means saving them and using them efficiently.

Food conservation

Food conservation and storage have been practiced to feed mankind in times of shortage. Food is stored in warehouses on large scale and in refrigerators at home.

Forest conservation

Forest conservation means the retention of existing forest or the creation of new forest at the levels prescribed by the State or local authority.

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Session 3: Sustainable Development and Green Economy

sustainable development

Sustainability is the development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.

Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

Green growth

The concept of green growth aims at achieving economic growth that is socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable.

Green Economy

the green economy as “one that results in improved human well‐being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.

Components of a Green Economy

• Renewable energy
• Green building
• Well-managed (Sustainable) transport
• Water management
• Waste management
• Land management

Skill development for Green Economy

The development of skills for green jobs is crucial to ensuring an efficient transition from unsustainable to a green economy by matching supply and demand for skills. A green job can be with business, nonprofit organizations, government or education.

Green skills

The skills used for promoting green economy are known as green skills. These skills are needed in areas similar to renewable energy, sewer water treatment, climate resilient cities, green construction, solid waste management,etc.

Contribution of green skills to the sustainable development

• using renewable energy
• water and waste management
• rain water harvesting
• conserving energy
• reducing pollution

Green jobs

A ‘Green job’ is employment in any industry that contributes to preserving or restoring environmental quality in that sector and allowing for sustainable development.

• Agriculture
• Construction
• Energy
• Forestry
• Manufacturing
• Retail
• Automotive and Transport
• Tourism and Hospitality
• Education

Green projects

Many people and organisation are concerned and motivated about doing something to save the environment. They are implementing green projects in areas like waste management, energy conservation, green sanitation, biofuel use, green buildings, etc.

Examples of Green Projects

• Solid Waste Management by 'Swachh Cooperative'
• Modern Chulha of ‘Society of Development and Environment Protection’
• Biotoilet by ‘Green Solution Foundation’